Elevated Circulating Levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor in Severe Chronic Heart Failure
Beth Levine, Jill Kalman, Lloyd Mayer, Howard Fillit, Milton Packer
New England Journal of Medicine
Abstract
These findings indicate that circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor are increased in cachectic patients with chronic heart failure and that this elevation is associated with the marked activation of the renin-angiotensin system seen in patients with end-stage cardiac disease.
Concepts
MedicineCachexiaHeart failurePathogenesisInternal medicineTumor necrosis factor alphaCardiologyChronic renal failure